The primary vet performed a thorough orthopedic exam. Bella flinched when palpated along her thoracolumbar spine. Radiographs revealed mild spondylosis (spinal arthritis). Bloodwork was normal.
For decades, veterinary medicine focused primarily on the physical body. If a dog limped, you checked the bones. If a cat vomited, you analyzed the blood. The mind of the animal—its fears, its social structures, and its stress signals—was often relegated to the realm of trainers and owners. Today, that paradigm has shifted.
Dominance or fear-based aggression. Suggested avoidance and counter-conditioning.